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I got an Arduino UNO clone, connected it to my PC via USB. I can't upload any sketches.

Correct board and port are selected in the IDE. Windows recognizes it as a device, even though it has a CH340 (known issue with Chinese clones), so drivers don't seem to be the issue. All physical connections and wiring on the board seem good.

So I am led to believe that the bootloader is the issue.

After a bit of digging around, I didn't find a way to install an Arduino bootloader that didn't require a programmer device or an extra original Arduino board in hand.

Here is the console output after trying to upload a sketch.

avrdude: Version 6.3-20190619
     Copyright (c) 2000-2005 Brian Dean, http://www.bdmicro.com/
     Copyright (c) 2007-2014 Joerg Wunsch

     System wide configuration file is "C:\Users\lhyse\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\arduino\tools\avrdude\6.3.0-arduino17/etc/avrdude.conf"

     Using Port                    : COM3
     Using Programmer              : arduino
     Overriding Baud Rate          : 115200
     avrdude: stk500_recv(): programmer is not responding
     avrdude: stk500_getsync() attempt 1 of 10: not in sync: resp=0xaa
     avrdude: stk500_recv(): programmer is not responding
     avrdude: stk500_getsync() attempt 2 of 10: not in sync: resp=0xaa
     avrdude: stk500_recv(): programmer is not responding
     avrdude: stk500_getsync() attempt 3 of 10: not in sync: resp=0xaa
     avrdude: stk500_recv(): programmer is not responding
     avrdude: stk500_getsync() attempt 4 of 10: not in sync: resp=0xaa
     avrdude: stk500_recv(): programmer is not responding
     avrdude: stk500_getsync() attempt 5 of 10: not in sync: resp=0xaa
     avrdude: stk500_recv(): programmer is not responding
     avrdude: stk500_getsync() attempt 6 of 10: not in sync: resp=0xaa
     avrdude: stk500_recv(): programmer is not responding
     avrdude: stk500_getsync() attempt 7 of 10: not in sync: resp=0xaa
     avrdude: stk500_recv(): programmer is not responding
     avrdude: stk500_getsync() attempt 8 of 10: not in sync: resp=0xaa
     avrdude: stk500_recv(): programmer is not responding
     avrdude: stk500_getsync() attempt 9 of 10: not in sync: resp=0xaa
     avrdude: stk500_recv(): programmer is not responding
     avrdude: stk500_getsync() attempt 10 of 10: not in sync: resp=0xaa
     
     avrdude done.  Thank you.

     Failed uploading: uploading error: exit status 1
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2 Answers 2

Reset to default
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For devices with an Atmega MCU and no pre-installed bootloader, the answer is NO - it is not possible to install a bootloader without a physical programmer.

If there is a working bootloader, but not the one you need, it might be possible under some circumstances.

enter image description here

Lets assume an Atmega328p has a current bootloader that is only 512 bytes large (4 pages) and resides at 0x3F00-0x3FF and BOOTSZ=11.

One might use the current bootloader to program the new bootloader (also 512 bytes) into the application area just below the current bootloader to address 0x3E00-0x3EFF. Now, if the current bootloader is capable of changing fuses BOOTSZ=10, the next time a reset occurs, at least I think so, the new bootloader at 0x3E00 will be startet. The bootloaders should not overlap each other for this to work.

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    on ATmega 328p only a bootloader can write into the flash so it is not possible to replace the bootloader from application, unless the bootloader supports it
    – Juraj ♦
    Commented Feb 18 at 16:38
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Using Programmer : arduino

Try using urclock programmer instead of arduino. Seems like it's a common problem to Arduino clones. My problem was almost same, and it helped me.

I described the problem and solution here: I can't upload my sketch to Arduino Uno using avrdude

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