7805 powered Atmega328 Stops working when input of 7805 exceeds 7volts

Question

I am developing a circuit with atmega328, the MCU is powered by a LM7805. The input of 7805 is given by a variable supply. Till the input of 7805 is 7volts, the output voltage is 4.9volts and current is around .75amps. Now if the input voltage of 7805 is increased, the current also increases and the MCU stops working(sometimes work with being reset after a few seconds), please help me out guys... i need to connect those circuits to my car battery, so it must work with 12volts.

I added capacitors and diodes as per Majenko mentioned. Now the situation is a) The circuit is working at 12V, b) With single C817 , output voltage of mcu is 3.5V, c)I used 56 ohms resistance, which is giving 1.2V to the input of C817, d) The Collector to Emitter resistance of C817 is 1520 ohms when turned on, this is creating a voltage drop of 3volts. e) This output is turning the led on, but being unable to switch the relay.

Circuit Upate

This the modified circuit, which solves the problem. But i have some questions, in the modified circuit if BC547 is used then its not working because the collector voltage which should be around 0.2 remains 1.8 volts, but replacing the BC547 with BC337 solves the problem(Collector voltage becomes around 0.3).

Answer 1

It looks like the reason for the MCU drawing high current is operating the LEDs in half a dozen optical isolators without current-limiting resistors. The part number of your isolators apparently is PC817, for which the suggested LED current is 5 to 20 mA at about 1.2 to 1.4 forward volts. But if you don't limit the current, they are likely to draw 50 to 100 mA each when turned on. Add a series resistor, say 220 to 330 Ω, in series with each isolator.

At this point, it's possible you may have damaged your ATmega328 by overheating it, due to drawing too much current from its outputs. You probably should run some tests with simple sketches to see if they all work ok.

Note, it probably would make sense to use a buck regulator rather than a linear regulator in the 12 V environment. MP1584-based buck regulator boards (“Mini DC 4.5~28V to DC 3.3V MP1584 3A Step-down Converter Regulator Module”), about 2x2 cm, are about a dollar on ebay and handle 2 amps typically.

Answer 2

There are a number of basic but vitally important components missing from your schematic. Namely input and output capacitors on the voltage regulators, which would result in oscillation and thus overheating (which would then shut them down through thermal overload), decoupling capacitors on the main chip, reverse biased diodes across the relay coils (maybe as well a small capacitor would be beneficial in parallel), and resistors to limit the current through your opto isolators.

Here is a version of your schematic with the missing components added in red. I have omitted the values - your job is to read the datasheets and work out the correct values to use.