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It seems this was planned for the Adafruit BMP280 library but not implemented. Looking at Adafruit_BMP280.h we see commented code that has a method seaLevelForAltitude():

/*
class Adafruit_BMP280_Unified : public Adafruit_Sensor
{
  public:
    Adafruit_BMP280_Unified(int32_t sensorID = -1);

    bool  begin(uint8_t addr = BMP280_ADDRESS, uint8_t chipid = BMP280_CHIPID);
    void  getTemperature(float *temp);
    void  getPressure(float *pressure);
    float pressureToAltitude(float seaLevel, float atmospheric, float temp);
    float seaLevelForAltitude(float altitude, float atmospheric, float temp);
    void  getEvent(sensors_event_t*);
    void  getSensor(sensor_t*);

  private:
    uint8_t   _i2c_addr;
    int32_t   _sensorID;
};

*/

In another library, BMP280-arduino-library, I found a function that seems to work:

double BMP280::sealevel(double P, double A)
// Given a pressure P (mb) taken at a specific altitude (meters),
// return the equivalent pressure (mb) at sea level.
// This produces pressure readings that can be used for weather measurements.
{
    return(P/pow(1-(A/44330.0),5.255));
}

First, I just copied that function into my code (without the class name), due to the friendly pizza license. Later I switched to that library and it also worked fine.