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This is the board I will be referring to.
There are different variations of it (with built in buttons etc.) but they all seem to be based on the CH340 chip.
My problem is, that I do not know what the pinouts on the board stand for. I cannot find any schematics for the adapter (I can find some for the CH340). Does anyone have a clue as to what the different pins are for?
This module appears to be designed for communicating with the ESP8266 ESP-01 board. The pinout for the ESP-01 is shown below, taken from a typical datasheet:
[Updated]The arrow on the CH340 board next to the yellow header indicates the connection orientation. The bulk of the ESP-01 goes on the side of the header pointed to by the arrow, covering the CH340 board, as shown below.
Information on the WCH CH340 product set including the G model is here.
There is plenty of online information on getting started with the ESP8266 ESP-01 using the Arduino IDE. A good example is at instructables.com.
The other model variations you mentioned (with built in buttons) are probably in response to a known problem with this board when flashing ESP-01s. See here for more info.
