Optimizing code for ATtiny10

Question

I'm trying to squeeze code onto an ATtiny10, but I'm just not getting there. I'm using 1060 bytes and only have space for 1024 bytes.

The code is simple enough; I need to read a button pin. If high it needs to pick a random value and that causes one of two random LEDs on the PCB to turn on for two seconds. Is there a way to optimize this code to work on this IC?

int buttonState = 0;

void setup() {
    pinMode(3, INPUT);
}

void loop() {
    buttonState = digitalRead(3);
    if (buttonState == HIGH) {
        bool ranNum=random(0,1);
        if(ranNum == 0) {
            digitalWrite(0, HIGH);
        }
        else {
            digitalWrite(1, HIGH);
        }
        delay(2000);
        digitalWrite(1, LOW);
        digitalWrite(2, LOW);
    }
}

Answer 1

As I stated in a comment, this device would be too small for me to consider programming it using an Arduino core. I would rather stick with the avr-libc and direct port manipulation:

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <avr/io.h>
#include <util/delay.h>

int main(void)
{
    DDRB = _BV(PB0)   // PB0 as output
         | _BV(PB1);  // PB1 as output
    for (;;) {
        loop_until_bit_is_set(PINB, PB3);  // wait for PB3 high
        if (rand() & 1)
            PORTB |= _BV(PB1);  // PB1 high
        else
            PORTB |= _BV(PB0);  // PB0 high
        _delay_ms(2000);
        PORTB &= ~_BV(PB0);     // PB0 low
        PORTB &= ~_BV(PB1);     // PB1 low
    }
}

This is plain C, but I expect it to be accepted by the Arduino IDE as a valid .ino file. I tried compiling it like this:

avr-gcc -mmcu=attiny10 -Os -Wall -Wextra -DF_CPU=8000000 prog.c -o prog.elf

And it resulted in a program that uses 660 bytes of flash. Most of that is in the implementation of rand() and its dependencies (multiplication and division routines).

Answer 2

If the button is pressed by a human and your clock is high enough (MHz range), you can use a trick and get rid of the RNG.

You can replace it with a free running counter like this:

unsigned char count = 0;

void loop() {

    count += 1;

    buttonState = digitalRead(3);

    if (buttonState == HIGH) {
        if( (count & 1) == 0) {
            digitalWrite(0, HIGH);
        }
        else {
            digitalWrite(1, HIGH);
        }
        delay(2000);
        digitalWrite(1, LOW);
        digitalWrite(2, LOW);
    }
}

You have count incremented every ⪝10 us (depending on your clock speed, attiny executes one instruction per cycle), so when the user pushes the button, the counter will be sampled.

Note: I assumed loop() is all what the microcontroller has to do, and it's constantly called.

Answer 3

Are you sure the pins are correct?

Maybe use a smaller random number generator per https://arduino.stackexchange.com/a/18092/6628 ?

static uint8_t lfsr = 0x01;
const byte LFSR_MASK = 0x8e;

void setup() {
  pinMode(0, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(1, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(3, INPUT);
}
void loop() {
  //      int buttonState = digitalRead(3);
  if (digitalRead(3)) {
    if (generateNoise()) {
      digitalWrite(0, HIGH);
    }
    else {
      digitalWrite(1, HIGH);
    }
    //delay(2000)
    //for (int i = 31; i; i--)_delay_us(64516);
    _delay_ms(2000);
    digitalWrite(0, LOW);
    digitalWrite(1, LOW);
  }
}


uint8_t generateNoise() {
  // Return 1 bit of noise using a Galois Linear Feedback Shift Register
  // See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_feedback_shift_register#Galois_LFSRs

  if (lfsr & 1) {
    lfsr =  (lfsr >> 1) ^ LFSR_MASK ;
    return (1);
  }
  else         {
    lfsr >>= 1;
    return (0);
  }
}

The RNG didn't help as much as changing the much-disparaged delay.

Answer 4

An 8-bit chip requires multiple instructions for processing 16 bit. Changing ints to either uint8_t or int8_t will save code.

Depending on compiler optimization, replacing

if ( (count & 1) == 0) {
    digitalWrite(0, HIGH);
}
else {
    digitalWrite(1, HIGH);
}

with

digitalWrite((count & 1), HIGH);

could save bytes.