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My question is about something that is happening ONLY when I use external power supply. When I use the power from the Arduino Mega directly, there is no problem. However, I need to use an external power supply, because I need to drive 42 servos. I believe this is related to the Arduino and external power supply not being powered on at exactly the same time, which is rather difficult given that the Arduino has some boot-up time.

When I connect a single 1 of these servos to any Arduino board directly (I have tried multiple boards), everything works as expected, in the sense that when I kill power to the Arduino, the servo stops, and when restarted, the program runs again and the servo continues working from the exact same position as when stopped. There is no default or initial sentinel value that the servo "jumps" to. Here is the sketch of this circuit working just fine w/ 1 servo:

enter image description here

However, when I connect an external power supply this setup even with a single servo, the servo "jumps" immediately to position ~90 (which would be the middle given that it has a 0-180 range). I need external power for my real project because I have 42 such servos that I am driving. After this initial "jump to position", the Arduino program continues as normal and all 42 servos are working as expected. But this "jump to position" is very disruptive! There are various parts connected to these servos. When I power up the system, the whole thing jumps to position immediately sometimes causing some damage to the system that I have to repair manually. It is extremely painful to watch 42 servos snap to position so quickly and so much of the system move so fast as a result.

I believe this has something to do with the control wires still connected to the Arduino, but the power and ground connected to the external power supply. So if the entire system (both Arduino and external power supply) is not powered on at exactly the time, then the servos are getting power without control or control without power and the incoming voltage sets them to some initial position, either by design or by undefined behavior.

But I don't know how to wire a circuit that allows the external power exactly after the pins have been attached to the servos in the setup() function of the Arduino program, so the servos have control and power at the same time... Should I be trying to do this? How can I make sure all these servos and their control pins are all powered and attached at the same time?

Here is a rough wiring diagram of my system with only 1 servo (problem still exists):

enter image description here

I am using an Arduino Mega 2560 (I think rev3).

Here is the external power supply (5V 30A DC):
https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01HJA3OUG

enter image description here

enter image description here

Here are the servos:
https://www.adafruit.com/product/169

I am using the Arduino Servo library, which does work w/ these servos and my board.

I used appropriate gauge wire for the DC amperage to drive these servos. They all seem to have enough power to run after this initial "jump to position". But I really want to avoid this!

UPDATE 10/7:

I put this delay in the setup() function to give me time to plug in the external power supply at a specific point after bootup:

  // LONG DELAY WAITING FOR EXTERNAL POWER TO BE APPLIED; LED blink
  pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);
  start = curr = millis();
  while (curr - start <= 10000)
  {
    curr = millis();
    if (curr - prev >= 1000)
    {
      prev = curr;
      if (state == LOW)
        state = HIGH;
      else
        state = LOW;
    }
    digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, state);
  }

If I put this code after the calls to attach the servo pins (i.e. servo1.attach(1), then the jump happens immediately when I plug external power supply in. If I put this code before the servos are attached, then there is no jump at first when external power supply is plugged in, but then immediately after the delay code above finishes. This tells me that the jump is happening when the control wires are attached (i.e. servo1.attach(1) is called). However, this still doesn't give me any solution... If external power supply is applied either before or after when the servo control pins are connected, it jumps!

Why do these servos NOT jump when connected w/ power from the board, but jump when connected w/ external power supply?!

This must mean that either the actual amount of external power supplied to these servos is different than the Arduino is supplying (and thus causing different behavior) or it's the fact that the power ground and control pins are not all connected at the exact same time (and thus causing different behavior).

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  • maybe in first case, program is already running when servo gets its signal, in second case it is bypassed by power, test it without the signal 'yellow' wire in both wiring to check if it the case, if yes it is just that, if not ... I don't know
    – francois P
    Oct 5, 2021 at 16:48
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    remove the arduino from the equation completely ... do an experiment ... set servo to 45 degrees before each test ... apply power to the servo with the control line disconnected --- what happens? ... do same with control line grounded --- what happens? ... do same with control line pulled high --- what happens?
    – jsotola
    Oct 5, 2021 at 16:54
  • your question is not about the arduino until you determine a way to stop the servo from resetting at powerup
    – jsotola
    Oct 5, 2021 at 17:46
  • @jsotola I will do this experiment tomorrow, but my gut feeling is this: if power is applied before Arduino program's Servos attach() the pins, then it jumps. However, if I wait for the program to boot-up, then I don't know when I can attach power in time for the program to run. I tried putting a 10 second "startup" delay, but it didn't seem to work as expected. Perhaps I put it before the pins were attached, not after... I will try all of this tomorrow. Thank you.
    – delrocco
    Oct 5, 2021 at 21:51
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    @jsotola I agree w/ you 100%, but I was hoping my post might be familiar to someone on here... I'm sure there are many people who have powered a handful or more of servos from an external power supply, and so might be familiar with this idea of control and power on circuits that start at different times.
    – delrocco
    Oct 5, 2021 at 21:51

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