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I'm using a Nano. The code below is a simplified workup of my problem code.

The point of it is asynchronous debounced button press detection. The actual code sets a volatile bool to tell the main loop it saw a press, but this simplified version toggles the state of the built-in LED. Another LED follows the state of the pushbutton to make it possible to see whether the ISR is firing appropriately.

#define SHORT_PRESS_MS 50
#define PUSHBUTTON_PIN 2
#define BUILTIN_LED_PIN 13
#define OTHER_LED_PIN 12
volatile unsigned long fallTime = 0;
volatile int builtinLedState = LOW;
void isr_change()
{
    unsigned long now = millis();
    int pushbuttonState = digitalRead(PUSHBUTTON_PIN);
    // show switch state with LED and 120 Ohms on D12
    digitalWrite(OTHER_LED_PIN, pushbuttonState);
    if ((pushbuttonState == LOW) || (fallTime == 0))
    { // change to low => falling edge
        fallTime = now;
    }
    if (pushbuttonState == HIGH)
    { // change to high => rising edge
        long pressMs = now - fallTime;
        if (pressMs > SHORT_PRESS_MS)
        { 
            builtinLedState = !builtinLedState; 
            digitalWrite(BUILTIN_LED_PIN, builtinLedState); 
        }
    }
}
void setup()
{
    pinMode(PUSHBUTTON_PIN, INPUT_PULLUP);
    pinMode(BUILTIN_LED_PIN, OUTPUT);
    pinMode(OTHER_LED_PIN, OUTPUT);
    attachInterrupt(digitalPinToInterrupt(PUSHBUTTON_PIN), isr_change, CHANGE);
}
void loop() {}

When this runs, OTHER_LED slavishly follows the button. There is no perceptible lag and it never gets out of synch no matter how machine-gun my antics with the button.

However, toggling of the built-in LED is not reliable. That OTHER_LED remains in sync with the button state implies that the event is always firing and the state is always what I expect, so it seems like there is a problem with my attempt to measure time.

What is the right way to measure time inside an ISR?


Applying suggested diagnostics confirmed the hypothesis of the accepted answer. Having determined the nature of the problem, I rewrote the ISR as follows.

void isr_change()
{
    static long fallTime = 0;
    static int lastPushbuttonState;
    int pushbuttonState = digitalRead(PUSHBUTTON_PIN);
    if (lastPushbuttonState != pushbuttonState)
    {
        long now = millis();
        if (pushbuttonState == LOW)
        { // change to low => falling edge
            fallTime = now;
        }
        if (pushbuttonState == HIGH)
        { // change to high => rising edge
            long pressMs = now - fallTime;
            if (pressMs > SHORT_PRESS_MS)
            {
                digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, !digitalRead(LED_BUILTIN));
            }
        }
    }
}

Testing reveals that the problem is resolved and the intended behaviour is occurring (reliably detect presses of minimum duration).

Also of interest is the use of static to carry values between ISR invocations with local scope, rather than using global volatile variables.

3
  • but you alternate the state of the LED. how should it be in sync with the other LED? and there could be more fast changes (bounce) which you can't see on other LED
    – Juraj
    Nov 5, 2019 at 5:37
  • The onboard LED toggles with every press. The other LED illuminates while the button is pressed and does not when it isn't. It's in sync with the button. To address your valid concern about bounce I will count both rising and falling edges and illuminate only when they are equal.
    – Peter Wone
    Nov 5, 2019 at 8:00
  • It's bound to CHANGE. It fires when it goes LOW (button press) and it fires again when it goes HIGH (release button). I read the button state and write it to the OTHER_LED.
    – Peter Wone
    Nov 5, 2019 at 8:12

2 Answers 2

1

I cannot make sense of this:

if ((pushbuttonState == LOW) || (fallTime == 0))

Why || (fallTime == 0)? Other than this, your ISR looks fine to me. And your way of measuring the time is correct. The only scenario I can imagine that can make the toggling unreliable is the ISR missing transitions, which can happen if the input pin gives very short spikes.

Here is my scenario:

The button is pressed, fallTime holds the correct value, you release the button. At this point, the bouncing button generates a very short positive pulse: LOW → HIGH → LOW. The first transition triggers an interrupt request. However, there is some latency in handling the request. By the time the ISR starts running, the pin has already toggled back to LOW, and the ISR then incorrectly updates fallTime.

A little bit later, the pin toggles back to HIGH for good. However, now is very close to fallTime, and the rising edge gets ignored.

You can check whether you have missed transitions by toggling the LED every time you see the same state as in the previous ISR run:

void isr_change()
{
    static uint8_t previous_pin_state;
    uint8_t pin_state = digitalRead(PUSHBUTTON_PIN);
    if (pin_state == previous_pin_state)
        digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, !digiatlRead(LED_BUILTIN));
    previous_pin_state = pin_state;
}
3
  • || (fallTime == 0) is in case the first thing it sees is a rising edge. I'm about to try your diagnostic suggestion.
    – Peter Wone
    Nov 5, 2019 at 10:15
  • I took it out because in the larger program that needs this there is deferred initialisation anyway so I can discard any pending press at that stage.
    – Peter Wone
    Nov 5, 2019 at 10:21
  • I confirm your hypothesis. I guess I should skip handling when there's no change of direction.
    – Peter Wone
    Nov 5, 2019 at 11:03
0

you toggle the state of the main LED on CHANGE to HIGH. how should it be in sync with the other LED? and there could be more fast changes (bounce) which human eye can't see on LED

result of the sketch:

enter image description here

2
  • The LEDs are not intended to be in sync with each other. I never said they were. One toggles to indicate recognition of a pulse of the desired minimum duration, the other follows the button state to provide visual feedback showing that the ISR is responding to button activity.
    – Peter Wone
    Nov 5, 2019 at 9:02
  • @PeterWone, there are bounce toggles of LED, which you can't see on other LED. so you never know the right state of LED
    – Juraj
    Nov 5, 2019 at 10:07

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