I can't seem to figure out what the numbers after 0x27 mean. I understand that 0x27 stands for the I2C address and POSITIVE stands for the backlight, but what do the other number mean?
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 2, 1, 0, 4, 5, 6, 7, 3, POSITIVE)
Assuming You're using the same LCD library I'm using, there is a longer form of the constructor that takes pin assignments for the different pins on the I2C module, as Majenko says.
I'm at work, so I don't have access to my code, but your constructor looks a whole lot like the one I use for my module, which has non-standard pin assignment. (I got my LCD modules from oddWires, and they came without documentation. I had to do quite a bit of detective work to figure out how to make them work.)
EDIT
I use the Newliquidcrystal_1.3.5 library in my project, to interface the above-mentioned oddWires I2C LCD display. That library has various constructors, one of which takes all the parameters you list. Those extra numbers indicate the pins that connect to the I2C module.
My oddWires LCDs need exactly the settings you list in the constructor. Your milage may vary.
The long form is defined in the library header with
LiquidCrystal_I2C(
uint8_t lcd_Addr,
uint8_t En,
uint8_t Rw,
uint8_t Rs,
uint8_t d4,
uint8_t d5,
uint8_t d6,
uint8_t d7,
uint8_t backlighPin,
t_backlighPol pol
);
From the naming of the parameters you can deduce most of them:
POSITIVE
probably means pull the line high to enable the backlight.
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, LCD columns, LCD rows);
.