Hex to binary, LED blinking

Question

I need to write a program that takes a user inputted HEX value and converts it to binary, then an LED blinks according to the number of 1's in the binary. For instance, if the value is 0xABC then there are number of 1's are 7 so LED will blink 7 times.

I only just started Arduino so not sure how to let user input a value nor do I know how to convert HEX to BIN but I'm assuming that once I convert the HEX to BIN I can just use a loop to count the number of 1's yet I'm unsure as to actually how to do that. This is what I've written so far.

  byte val=0xABC;
int ledPin=13;

int countSetBits(unsigned int n) 
{ 
    unsigned int c; 
    for (c=0;n>0;n=n&(n-1)) 
        c++; 
    return c; 
}


void blink(int n)
{
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
    {
        digitalWrite(ledPin,HIGH);
        delay(500);
        digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
        delay(500);
    }
}

void setup()
{
    Serial.begin(9600);
    pinMode(ledPin,OUTPUT);
    blink(countSetBits(val));
}

void loop()
{   }

Any help would be appreciated. EDIT: If I want to take a number from a user and then make the LED blink according to the number of 1's in its binary form, how would I implement that?

Answer 1

You are almost there. Now you just have to read and parse the hex numbers supplied by the user.

The simplest way to accept numeric user input is with Serial.parseInt(). This is not always ideal since it involves blocking the program until it either receives an invalid character or the reading times out. It is also not applicable to your situation because it only works with decimal numbers.

The better standard way to get the input is to put the incoming bytes into a buffer until you catch a specific character designated as an end of message marker. This is typically a CR ('\r' in C++) or an LF ('\n'). This technique is more involved than just calling parseInt() but it is often preferred because it can be done in a non-blocking way. See for example this simple command line interpreter.

In your case, however, you do not need to buffer the incoming bytes. You can instead parse the hex number while you read it, like this:

void loop()
{
    if (Serial.available()) {
        static unsigned int val;
        int c = Serial.read();
        if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') {
            val = 16 * val + (c - '0');
        } else if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'f') {
            val = 16 * val + (c - 'a' + 10);
        } else if (c >= 'A' && c <= 'F') {
            val = 16 * val + (c - 'A' + 10);
        } else {  // End of number.
            blink(countSetBits(val));
            val = 0;  // reset for next round
        }
    }
}

Answer 2

You might do it much simpler... Create a fixed array that for each hex character possible (0..F) has the number of 1's counted.

Than iterate through the string, sum up the values of 1's from the array and make a LED blink that many times.

Something in pseudo code:

// Number of 1's: 0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  A  B  C  D  E  F
boolean ones[] = {0, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 3, 1, ...                }; 
string str = "ABC";
int total = 0;
for (index = 0; index < str.length; index++)
{
   if string[index] <= '9' 
       total += ones[string[index] - '0'];
   else
       total += ones[string[index] - 'A' + 10];
}

Answer 3

You could use BIT SHIFTING looks flash, but is actually really useful.

const unsigned char value = 0x55;  // Input
int blinks = 0;                    // Times to blink.

for (int i = 0; i < 8; ++i)
{ 
    blinks += ((value >> i) & 0x01); // Could just blink the light if its true.
}

(value >> i) takes value and moves the number right i places. So if value is Hex 55 (0x55) that is 01010101 in binary. On the first time around the loop when i is 0 (value >> 0) will be 0x55 (unchanged). 0x55 & 0x01 is a logical and between the two numbers, so any bits that are set in both will be set in the result. Since 0x01 only has the least significant bit set (LSB) then we only need to look at the LSB of 0x55, which we know is set. therefore blinks is incremented by one. On the second time around the loop value >> i is 0x2A (00101010) because value has been shifted right one place. So 0x2A & 0x01 = 0, so blink isn't altered.

etc.

The answer at the end of the loop is blinks == 4.

Answer 4

Any help would be appreciated.

your code is in pretty good shape - there are some minor issues that need to be taken care of. the countSetBits() is a fairly standard implementation and in this case returns the right value:

I sped up the blinky rate for convenience.

a good starting out place.