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I have an Arduino Ethernet shield.

May I connect it to a machine that´s connected wirelessly to the internet in order to get the arduino into the internet?

Or do I need to connect it only to a router?

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Assuming an Ethernet port on the PC, the Ethernet shield can be connected to it using an Ethernet crossover cable:

enter image description here (source: Wikipedia)

Many recent PC network interfaces have automatic cross-over (Auto MDI-X), with which even a regular (straight) Ethernet patch cable will work.

This merely addresses the physical Ethernet connectivity.

For actually routing IP packets between the Arduino and the rest of the Internet, some software router or software bridge is required to run on the PC. Several open source routing products exist, especially for Linux and FreeBSD, but that is outside the scope of this StackExchange.

Finally, the Ethernet shield does not need a router, it an as well be hooked up to an Ethernet switch or hub.

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    Note: on Windows you can select both the WiFi adapter and the ethernet adapter and click "bridge connections."
    – Anonymous Penguin
    Jun 21, 2014 at 15:50

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