I have solved this problem. For anyone who would like to turn off the internal pullups on the I2C bus of the ESP32, you need to disable the entire driver before putting the device to sleep.
First, include the peripheral driver library from the IDF:
#include "driver/periph_ctrl.h"
Next, call the following before sleep:
rtc_gpio_isolate(gpio_num_t(SDA));
rtc_gpio_isolate(gpio_num_t(SCL));
periph_module_disable(PERIPH_I2C0_MODULE);
digitalWrite(SDA, 0);
digitalWrite(SCL, 0);
This will stop the ESP32 from pulling up pins 21 and 22 while in deep sleep. Calling display.begin() or wire.begin() will restartthe driver upon wake.